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A European strategy for accelerator-based neutrino physics

Margarita Synanidi — Thu, 27 Nov 2014 09:38:54 +0000

A European strategy for accelerator-based neutrino physics
by Alain Blondel (UNIGE)

Fig1: CERN to Pyhäsalmi baseline, 2300 km. Image credit: LARP
Fig2: Preliminary layout of a 10 GeV Neutrino Factory on the CERN site, with neutrino beams pointing at Pyhäsalmi.

In preparation for the CERN strategy meeting in Cracow NEu2012 as part of EuCARD project activities has delivered a coherent proposal for the next accelerator neutrino facility in Europe, as a result of two complementary design studies. The programme calls for the continuation of neutrino beams at CERN after the CNGS, and for a high priority support from CERN and the member states to the experiments and R&D programme.

Since the 2006 European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP), the experimental situation has evolved; the next step is the quantitative evaluation of the measurement of the mass hierarchy and of the CP violation. Following the 2006 ESPP recommendations, two complementary design studies have been carried out by LAGUNA/LNBO and EUROnu. The role of EuCARD’s NEu2012 project activity has been to foster convergence between these different communities.

LAGUNA LBNO recommends a conventional neutrino beam CN2PY from CERN SPS towards the Pyhäsalmi mine in Finland situated at 2285 km, with a Liquid Argon magnetized iron hybrid detector. An expression of interest with large community support has been submitted, and aims at a full proposal by 2014.

EUROnu has compared a conventional super-beam from the CERN HP-SPL, a beta-beam implemented on the CERN site, and a Neutrino Factory. It concluded that a 10 GeV Neutrino Factory, aimed at a magnetized neutrino detector situated, also, at the same baseline of around 2200 km (±30%), would constitute the ultimate neutrino facility. It recommends that the next 5 years be devoted to the R&D, preparatory experiments and implementation study, in view of a proposal before the next ESPP update.

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Accelerators in the European Strategy for Particle Physics meeting in Cracow

Margarita Synanidi — Thu, 27 Nov 2014 08:56:42 +0000

Accelerators in the European Strategy for Particle Physics meeting in Cracow
by Frank Zimmermann (CERN), Roy Aleksan (CEA)

Open Symposium on the European Strategy for Particle Physics (ESPP2012). Image credit: CERN

From 10 to 12 September 2012 about 500 particle physicists and accelerator experts came together in Cracow, Poland, at an Open Symposium organized by the CERN Council to discuss the future European strategy. The Symposium’s Accelerator Science and Technology Session featured two excellent overview talks, on the energy frontier by Caterina Biscari (INFN-LNF) and on the intensity frontier by Mats Lindroos (ESS, on leave from CERN), which were complemented by a lively discussion.

The smooth operation of the LHC represents a huge success. The measures needed to raise the LHC collision energy up to 13-14 TeV by 2014 are at hand. Work is progressing on the technology for the LHC luminosity upgrade (HL-LHC) around 2020. Increasing further the collision energy up to 26-33 TeV in the LHC tunnel requires substantial R&D for 16-20 T magnets (HE-LHC). A new 80-km tunnel could allow reaching energies of 80-100 TeV in proton-proton collisions.

Great progress in the SRF development for the ILC makes the construction of a high-energy lepton collider possible. CLIC with two-beam technology could be an alternative if 3 TeV is needed but R&D is still required. A lower-energy CLIC based on klystrons is also proposed. A number of new ideas for circular or gamma-gamma colliders, to study a “Higgs” particle at 125 GeV have also emerged. Much higher energy using leptons requires muon colliders, dielectric RF structures or plasma acceleration, with increasing complexity. High-power proton linacs, such as ESS and IFMIF, are under construction. Neutrino beams will be improved worldwide.

Many R&D topics are common for various accelerators, e.g. high-field magnets, RF structures & RF power sources, particle sources, alignment & stabilization. The conference brought together experts from these areas, highlighting the need to promote further collaborations with other fields of science.

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Exploring the accelerator frontiers

Margarita Synanidi — Mon, 24 Nov 2014 15:37:10 +0000

Exploring the accelerator frontiers
by Frank Zimmermann (CERN) with Mathilde Chaudron (CERN)

Fig 1: Schematic of a sequence of circular high-energy colliders after the LHC consisting of LHeC-SAPPHiRE, TLEP, VHE-LHC and CCC. Image credit: CERN.
Fig 2: Possible long-term strategy based on sequence of linear colliders. Image credit: CERN.

Discussing technologies and limits for future particle accelerators is key to defining a coherent long term strategy. In 43 workshops (co-)organized by EuCARD WP4 AccNet between 2008 and 2013, experts from all around the world drafted an R&D roadmap for the next 50-100 years.

Going beyond the state-of-the-art requires novel materials supporting higher magnetic or electric fields for acceleration or bending, e.g. stronger superconductors, dielectrics, plasmas or crystals. Energy efficiency and cost effectiveness are also becoming ever more important.

Taking into account emerging technologies, EuCARD WP4 delivered a coherent long-term vision for highest-energy circular colliders (Fig. 1). Encompassing a high-luminosity e+e- Higgs factory (TLEP or LEP3) and a 100-TeV proton collider (VHE-LHC), this approach could culminate in a circular crystal collider (CCC), boosting the c.m. energy to 1 PeV or beyond. An alternative “linear” approach (Fig. 2) would start with an ILC utilizing SC cavities, continue with CLIC, be followed by dielectric and plasma lepton colliders, and terminate with a linear x-ray crystal muon collider (XRCMC).

Remarkably, both linear and circular approaches require crystals to reach 1 PeV – for either acceleration or bending. Since crystals have been used only for bending so far, the circular route might be easier to follow. An ultimate limit is imposed by the Sauter-Schwinger critical field, constraining the minimum size of a Planck-scale collider to ~1010 m in either approach.

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